Jetway 131GM4 Motherboard

The Intel ® Core TM process family delivers unrivaled performance and breakthrough energy efficiency. For your extreme. The intel core processor family delivers unrivaled performance and breakthrough energy efficiency, to let you enjoy revolutionary performances with vivid, high definition experiences and multi-tasking responsiveness by state of the-art intel Core2 dual processors). The intel G31 Express Chipset supports new technologies such as 1066 MHZ system Bus speed, next-generation 45nm dual- and quad-core processors, and DDR2 memory to deliver increased system bandwidth and improved performance. With built-in-design headroom, intel ® Fast Memory Access (Intel ® FMA) and Intel® Turbo memoery, platforms based on the Intel G31 Express Chipset enable best- of-class performance desktop computing Desktop PC platforms based on the Intel G31 Express Chipset, combined with either the Intel® Core TM2 Duo or Intel ® Core TM2 Quad processor with new technologies and innovative capabilities for enthusiasts and digital home consumers. The intel G31 Express Chipset integrated GMA3100 enables enhanced 3D and high definition video technologies for a better end-user experience. 3D enhancements enable greater flexibility and scalability and improved realism with support for Microsoft Direct X* 9.0C shader Model 2.0, OpenGL* 1.5 intel® graphics also support for highest level of the windows vista* Aero experience . to prevent the increasing heat from damaging of CPU, the CPU thermal throttling technology will make CUP BE IDLING FROM 87.5% to 12.5% by manually preset CUP operating temperature from 40Cj to 90cj. When the system senses the climbing perating temperature of CUP over the value preset, CUP thermal throttling Technology will narrow the perating bandwidth of CUP actively to low down the temperature to the value preset as the perfect protection system of hardware dynamic over-clocking technology. The adjustable voltage of CPU Vcore can be upgraded over 16 stages for the precisely hardware dynamic over-clocking of demanding computing performances. Parallel Port has been added to this MB especially for Nepali Market.

Windows Mobile?

While Windows Mobile 6.0 is still only a teenager in terms of its not too recent lunch, it would be rather obvious to guess that Win Mob 7.0 is being worked on even according to rumors someone out there, with the fantastic contacts that they have in Microsoft, was actually able to get their hands on rather detailed information on what we can expect from the next version of Windows Mobile.
The information is so detailed with diagrams and screenshots that it boggles the mind considering that the expected release for the OX would be somewhere in 2009. But he guy who got a hold of this information has revealed that the next-gen windows mobile device is probably going to rock the iPhone’s world. This future Windows Mobile OS is apparently going to use similar motion gestures for navigating menus and other options quite like the iPhone. The word is that the devices incorporating this OS will even use the camera to detect gestures to make navigation easier and it would also be able to judge what position the phone would be in as well as where. For example if it were idle on the table or in your pocket or even handbag. It will incorporate gyroscopes and accelerometers for various purposes making the device easy to manipulate. They even state that the media playback and player will take on a new look and feel. It would sound somewhere in the league of the iPhone or some of the more recent Symbian mobiles. The new OS would also probably do completely away with a stylus and make the device. Fully funcationalble with just the fingers as far as to have just a singular button as well. Drawing, scrolling and even writing could also be totally finger controlled.

Mycorrhizas as biofertilizers

Mycorrhiza (fungus roots) is a distinct morphological structure which develops as a result of mutualistic symbiosis between some specific root – inhabitating fungai and plant roots. Plants which suffer from nutrient scarcity, especially P and N, develop mycorrhiza i.e. the plants belong to all groups e.g. herbs, shrubs, trees, aquatic, xerophytes, epiphytes, hydrophytes or terrestrial ones. In most of the cases plant seedling fails to grow if the soil does not contain inoculum of mycorrhizal fungi.

In recent years, use of artificially produced inoculum of mycorrhizal fungi has increased its significance due to its multifarious role in plant growth and yield, and resistance against climatic and edaphic stresses, pathogens and pests.

Mechanism of symbiosis:
The mechanism of symbiosis is not fully understood. Bjorkman (1949) postulated the carbohydrate theory and explained the development of mycorrhizas in soils deficient in available P and N, and high light intensity. Slankis (1961) found that at high light intensity, surplus carbohydrates are formed which are exuded from roots. This in turn induces the mycorrhizal fungi of soil to infect the roots. At low light intensity, carbohydrates are not produced in surplus, therefore, plant roots fail to develop mycorrhizas.

Types of Mycorrhizas:

By earlier mycologists the mycorrhizas were divided into the following three groups:
i) Ectomycorrhiza: It is found among the gymnosperms and angiosperms. In short roots of higher plants generally root hairs are absent. Therefore, the roots are infected by mycorrhizal fungi which, in turn, replace the root hairs (if present) and form a mantle. The hyphae grow intercellularly and develop Hartig net in cortex. Thus, a bridge is established between the soil and root through the mycelia.
ii) Endomycorrhiza: The morphology if endomycorrhizal roots, after infection and establishment, remain unchanged. Root hairs develop in a normal way. The fungi are present on root surface individually. They also penetrate the cortical cells and get established intracellularly by secreting extracellular enzymes. Endomycorrhizas are found in all groups of plant kingdom.

iii) Ectendomycorrhiza: In the roots of some of the gymnosperms and angiosperms, ectotropic fungal infection occurs. Hyphae are established intracellularly in cortical cells. Thus, symbiotic relation develops similar to the ecto- and endo-mycorrhizas.

Marks (1991) classified the mycorrhizas into seven types on the basis of types of relationships with the host

(i) Vesicular-arbuscular (VA) mycorrhizas (coiled, intracellular hyphae, vesicle and arbuscules present),

(ii) Ectomycorrhizas (sheath and inter-cellular hyphae present),

(iii) Ectendomycorrhizas (sheath optional, inter and intra-cellular hyphae present).

(iv) Arbutoid mycorrhizas (sheath, inter- and intra-cellular hyphae present).

(v) Ericoid mycorrhizas (only coiled intracellular hyphae, long coiled hyphae present)

(vi) Monotropid mycorrhizas (sheath, inter-and intra-cellular hyphae and peg like haustoria present) and

(vii) Orchidaceous mycorrhizas (only coiled intracellular hyphae present).

Type (i) is present in all groups of plant kingdom; Types (ii) and (iii) are found in gymnosperms and angiosperms. Types (iv), (v) and (vi) are restricted to Ericales, Monotropaceae and Ericales respectively. Types (vii) is restricted to Orchidaceous only. Types (iv) and (v) were previously grouped under ericoid mycorrhizas.

Application of PCR technology

The PCR technology is extensively applied in the following areas of molecular biology, medicines, and biotechnology.

• Amplification of DNA and RNA

• Diagnosis of diseases and casual microorganisms. For example, PCR-based diagnostic tests for AIDS, chlamydia, tuberculosis, hepatitis, human papilloma virus, and other infectious agents and diseases are being developed. The tests are rapid, sensitive and specific.

• Determination of orientation and location of restriction fragments relative to one another.

• The PCR is important in detection of genetic diseases such as sickle cell anemia, phenylketonuria and muscular dystrophy.

• It is most applicable in forensic science where it is being used in search of criminals through DNA fingerprinting technology. However, the feasibility of fingerprinting is now being challenged in court of law. In these cases only small samples of biological materials are required.

• It is also applied in diagnosis of plant diseases. A large number of plant pathogens in various hosts or environmental samples are detected by using PCR, for example, viroids (associated with hops, apple, pear, grape, citrus, etc), viruses (such as TMV, cauliflower mosaic virus, bean yellow mosaic-virus, plum pox virus, potyviruses), mycoplasmas, bacteria (Agrobacterium tumifaciens, pseudomonas solanacearum, Rhizobium leguminosarum, Xanthomonas compestris, etc), fungi (e.g. Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Glomus spp; Laccaria spp., Phytophthora spp, Verticillium spp), and nematodes (e.g Meloidogyne incoginta, M. javanica, etc) (Henson and French, 1993; Chawla, 1998)

PCR is finding considerable and unique use in archaeology; it is doubtful whether scientists will be able to resurrect woolly mammoth and dinosaurs from the remains of ancient animals as epitomised in Michael Crighton's Jurassic Park.