Federal Loan Consolidation for Medical Students

By the time you graduate you will most likely have at least $200,000.00 in student loan debt. After interest is added you could be paying a total of over $500,000.00, so it is extremely important to make sure you are getting the best deal possible with your loan consolidation. You will probably have both federal and private loans but for this article we will be dealing with only your federal loans.

Loan forgiveness –

The first thing to look into is if you will be eligible for any loan forgiveness, you don’t want to lose your eligibility by not knowing what is required. In general you have to practice in a facility that serves low income people for a number of years but the conditions do vary by state. Check with your state’s department of education for the specific rules. http://www.ed.gov/about/contacts/state/index.html

With Stafford loans it doesn’t matter if you’ve consolidated the loans or not, they can be forgiven either way. With Perkins loans you lose any chance of forgiveness if you consolidate them so you should check into it before deciding to add them to a consolidation.

The National Health Service Corps offers loan forgiveness programs for physicians who agree to serve a certain number of years in areas that lack adequate medical care. Many hospitals and private care facilities offer loan repayment as an employment incentive for medical personnel.

Deferral and forbearance –

When you graduate and go into your residency or fellowship your loans will be switched to repayment status and you will have to make payment arrangements. Since most students in residency or fellowships do not make that much money they want put off making their payments. All federal loans come with the benefit of three years of forbearance and three years of deferral. In deferral the government pays the interest on the subsidized portion of your loans, in forbearance you are responsible for all of the interest. You must qualify for deferral, some fellowships qualify but since residency is considered employment the only option there is if you can show an economic hardship. In general your loan payments must exceed 20% of your disposable income to qualify for economic hardship.

One of the benefits to consolidation is your deferral and forbearance time is renewed. This can be important to a medical student looking at a long residency, in that case you would want to wait to consolidate until you have used all of your deferral time so you can have three more years of it. It is important to remember that you are gathering interest during this time on all but the subsidized portion of any loans in deferral, the costs can really add up. Most lenders will allow you to make payments as you can during deferral and forbearance, if you think you will be able to offset your costs by paying anything during this time make sure your lender will accept payments when you are considering a consolidation company.

Capitalizing interest –

When choosing a consolidation company ask how often they capitalize interest during your deferral or forbearance period. A company that capitalizes quarterly will cost you more in the long run than a company that capitalizes yearly.

A student loan consolidation can save you thousands of dollars in interest but you must choose your company wisely. Ask questions before you decide who to consolidate with. Know how much you will be paying in total.

No Income Proof Secured Loans: Secured Source Of Financial Assistance

Most of the loans are available in the market with the basic pre requisite of income proof. In fact, lenders often approve the loan, only after considering the borrower's definite source of income. However, this kind of clause can create problems for those borrowers, who do not have the provision of regular income source. Many self employed people or unemployed applicants cannot make arrangements for income proof. Hence, for this section of society, financial industry has evolved the solution of no income proof secured loans. Under this category of loans, the borrower is not required to submit any pay slip or other income proof. The only thing that settles the approval of this loan is the offered collateral. This security can be deposited in any form such as your home, proper, car or any other valuable asset.

No income proof secured loans are customized with simple and lucid regulations that are easily manageable. Moreover, as this loan scheme is is secured in nature, the borrower can expect low and affordable rate of interest. In addition to this, even your poor credit report will not create much of a hassle for the accomplishment of this loan. The amount of loan offered under the provision of no income proof secured loans is basically decided on the basis of your collateral and purpose. However, all these beneficial aspects are available only with a reliable lender. Therefore, it is important for the borrower to act extremely selective while finalizing the loan deal. Always opt for a certified money lending agency to neglect the chances of misuse and illegal possession of your collateral. Also, make attempts to evaluate the monetary value of your collateral as that will settle your loan amount.

Therefore, if you are planning to go for higher studies and wish for a decent financial help then immediately opt for the beneficial loan scheme of no income proof secured loans. For more information on no income proof secured loans, you can easily visit the finance institutions, where the financial executives will provide each and every detail about the loan. A more approachable and convenient medium is Internet. In fact, you can also inquire about the various money lending agencies offering the service of this loan. Hence, now nothing can possibly obstruct your accomplishment of convenient loan assistance.

Any applicant can apply for no income proof secured loans through the traditional method as well as the online system. Nowadays, people often opt for the online application procedure due to its simple features and quicker assistance. For this purpose, you simply have to get registered with a certified money lending agency and then you can start with the processing of the loan by downloading the online application form. This form may request for your personal details such as contact numbers, residential proof and purpose of the loan. Along with this mandatory set of requirements, you also have to send documents related to your offered collateral, so that the lender can have the complete legal assurance. Try to finalize the entire loan deal under the supervision of afinancial advisor.

Low Apr Secured Personal Loans – Tips For Finding A Suitable Deal

A loan should preferably come in your hands at low costs. Such a loan is less burdensome on your earnings and you can repay it without putting much stress on your finances. While taking out a low APR secured personal loan, make sure that you have first carefully studied its all aspects.

These loans can provide greater funds against your valued property as collateral. Home, vehicle, jewelry or any asset can serve the purpose of collateral. In order to ensure low rate of interest, make sure that the borrowed amount is less than value of the property. This means that when you need greater funds, better pledge your home as collateral. Usually, under these loans, you can borrow up to £75000. The loan amount finds its use in variety of purposes like home improvements, car purchasing, enjoying a holiday tour or throwing a wedding party.

Low APR will depend on your credit history as well. If you have an excellent or good record of making timely payments in the past and your FICO score, therefore, is on higher side, then the rate of interest is low for you.

On the other hand, in case of a blemished history of late payments, defaults, arrears or CCJs, you are a high risks borrower. Hence, despite collateral, the interest may be little higher. Therefore, first check your credit report and make sure your past payments find place in it. It is advisable to apply for the loan with in improved credit rating on paying off some debts.

The loan repayment duration ranges from five to 30 years. However, choose the repayment period carefully, depending on the borrowed amount and your repayment capability. Avoid taking the loan for longer duration as you may end up making high interest payments.

In order to find a suitable deal, first take out rate quotes of as many such loan offers you see on internet. After having access to the rates, see which offer has less additional costs like fees on loan processing. Usually a low APR secured personal loan comes through online as you can compare and additional charges are fewer.

Bad Credit Secured Loans – Benefits Of A Secured Personal Loan

A low credit score used to prevent many from obtaining home loans, auto loans, credit cards, and personal loans. Because bad credit can quickly improve, many lenders have become more flexible in their lending criteria, and are ready to offer a secured loan to individuals with a low credit rating. There are many types of bad credit secured personal loans. If credit is used wisely, borrowers may actually improve their credit score.

Advantages of a Secured Personal Loan with Poor Credit

Some consumers have terrible credit habits, which contributes to a low credit rating. Although credit mistakes are common, there are ways to improve a low score. The key is recognizing past mistakes and making better credit decisions.

A bad credit secured personal loan is a perfect way to re-build credit. When lenders review credit reports, many factors influence whether a line of credit is approved. These include length of credit history, outstanding debts, payment history, and current account standing. If any one of these factors falls short, lenders may either deny a credit application or charge a higher rate.

Obtaining a higher interest rate is not necessarily a bad thing. Higher rates are to be expected. Of course, this usually means higher monthly payments. However, if your aim is to raise a low credit score, do not allow a higher rate to sway you from this goal.

Types of Bad Credit Secured Loan

There are several methods of obtaining a bad credit secured loan. You have the option of visiting a local credit union or bank and completing a loan application. To get approved for these types of secured loans, sufficient collateral is needed. If you own a vehicle, the lender may accept the vehicle title. Collateral may also consist of a valuable piece of jewelry, electronic device, furniture, etc.

Borrowers in the market for a new automobile may consider applying for a new or used car financing. Auto loans are secured and a great way to improve a low credit rating. Similarly, bad credit auto loans carry much higher rates. To keep monthly payments low, consider financing an inexpensive vehicle, or have a down payment of at least 10%.

COLON CANCER

What is colon cancer?
Cells normally grow and divide only when they are needed to keep our bodies functioning properly. But sometimes, the mechanisms that regulate cell growth stop working and cells divide out of control to form tumors. This is called cancer. When cancer develops in the cells lining the colon (the first part of the large intestine), it is called colon cancer.
People who have a history of colon cancer in their family are at greater risk of getting the disease themselves. The risk increases when a relative has had the disease before age 50. These families are considered high-risk, because they may have inherited one of two rare genetic conditions: FAP (familial adenomatous polyposis) or HNPCC (hereditary non-polyposis colon cancer).
FAP is caused by mutations of the APC (adenomatous polyposis coli) gene on chromosome 5. APC is a tumor suppressor gene, which means that it prevents uncontrolled cell growth. People who inherit a mutated form of this gene develop growths called polyps in their colon. By age 15, they may have hundreds of these polyps. Polyps are not cancerous at first, but if they aren't treated, they will develop into colon cancer.
HNPCC (also called Lynch syndrome) is caused by mutations in one of several genes that fix damaged DNA. People who inherit one of these mutations have a much greater risk of accumulating mutations that will lead to uncontrolled cell growth and cancer.
How do people get colon cancer?
FAP and HNPCC are both inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern. If a parent has FAP or HNPCC, his or her children run a 50 percent risk of inheriting the mutated gene. Usually when a person inherits a defective gene it does not necessarily mean he or she will develop a malignant cancer. However, the APC gene strikingly predisposes one to colon cancer. People who inherit one bad copy of the APC gene are practically guaranteed to develop colon cancer by age 40. Similarly, people who inherit one bad copy of a gene associated with HNPCC have an 80 percent chance of getting colon cancer before. HNPCC also increases a person's risk of developing other cancers, including ovarian, stomach, brain, and liver.
What are the symptoms of colon cancer?
Colon cancer affects the stomach and bowels. Common symptoms include: diarrhea or constipation, blood in the stool, vomiting, bloating, cramps, and unexplained weight loss.
How do doctors diagnose colon cancer?
When a patient shows symptoms of colon cancer, his or her doctor can screen for the disease using one of several tests:
Fecal Occult Blood Test (FOBT) - Colon cancer can sometimes cause tiny dots of blood, too small for the eye to see, in the feces The FOBT test uses a special chemical to check the patient's stool sample for these traces of blood.
Flexible-Sigmoidoscopy - Using a thin flexible tube called a simoidoscope, the doctor looks inside the patient's colon for growths called polyps.
Double Contrast Barium Enema (DCBA) - A silvery-white metallic substance called barium is inserted up the patient's colon through the rectum. The barium outlines the patient's colon on an x-ray screen.
Colonoscopy - Using a thin instrument called a colonoscope, the doctor looks inside the patient's colon. During the procedure, the doctor removes pieces of tissue (called a biopsy) to test them for cancer. If the doctor finds any polyps, he or she can also remove them. A newer method, called virtual colonoscopy, looks at the colon without going into the body, with an MRI or CT scan.
DNA-Based stool test - This test examines DNA taken from a patient's stool sample to look for genetic defects associated with colon cancer.
How is colon cancer treated?
Colon cancer is very treatable. In fact, about 90 percent of patients survive the disease after treatment. First, doctors stage the disease to see how far it has progressed. If the cancer has not spread to other tissues of the body, it can be treated with:
special chemicals (chemotherapy) or radiation (powerful x-rays) that kill all rapidly dividing cells in the body, including cancer cells
surgery to remove the polyps and/or cancerous part of the colon
Interesting facts about colon cancer
People who have FAP can develop hundreds and even thousands of polyps in their colon, whereas people with HNPCC develop relatively few.
The progression from a benign to a malignant cancer typically requires multiple mutations that allow cells to acquire new and abnormal characteristics, such as an increased growth rate, inability to adhere or stick to neighboring cells, propensity to migrate to other places in the body, etc. For example, at least seven mutations are required to produce a malignant colon tumor.
Inherited cancers often provide clues about the genes mutated in noninherited (sporadic) cancers. For example, mutations in the APC gene are found not only in FAP tumors but in 85% of all sporadic colon tumors as well.

CRI-DU-CHAT SYNDROME

What is Cri-du-Chat syndrome?
The name of this syndrome is French for "cry of the cat," referring to the distinctive cry of children with this disorder. The cry is caused by abnormal larynx development, one of the many symptoms associated with this disorder. It usually becomes less noticeable as the baby gets older, making it difficult for doctors to diagnose cri-du-chat after age two. Cri-du-chat is caused by a deletion (the length of which may vary) on the short arm of chromosome 5. Multiple genes are missing as a result of this deletion, and each may contribute to the symptoms of the disorder. One of the deleted genes known to be involved is TERT (telomerase reverse transcriptase). This gene is important during cell division because it helps to keep the tips of chromosomes (telomeres) in tact.
How do people get Cri-du-Chat syndrome?
A deletion is caused by a break in the DNA molecule that makes up a chromosome. In most cases, the chromosome break occurs while the sperm or egg cell (the male or female gamete) is developing. When this gamete is fertilized, the child will develop cri-du-chat syndrome. The parent, however, does not have the break in any other cells of the body and does not have the syndrome. In fact, the break is usually such a rare event that it is very unlikely to happen again if the parent has another child.
It is possible for a child to inherit a broken chromosome from a parent who also had the disorder. However, this is rare because most people with cri-du-chat do not survive into adulthood and therefore do not have children.
What are the symptoms of Cri-du-Chat syndrome?
Babies with cri-du-chat are usually small at birth, and may have respiratory problems. Often, the larynx doesn't develop correctly, which causes the signature cat-like cry.
People who have cri-du-chat have very distinctive features. They may have a small head (microcephaly), an unusually round face, a small chin, widely set eyes, folds of skin over their eyes, and a small bridge of the nose.
Several problems occur inside the body, as well. A small number of children have heart defects, muscular or skeletal problems, hearing or sight problems, or poor muscle tone. As they grow, people with cri-du-chat usually have difficulty walking and talking correctly. They may have behavior problems (such as hyperactivity or aggression), and severe mental retardation. Unfortunately, most people with this disorder don't survive to adulthood.
How do doctors diagnose cri-du-chat syndrome?
Doctors most often identify cri-du-chat by the infant's cat-like cry. Other signs are microcephaly, poor muscle tone, and mental retardation.
It is also possible to test for cri-du-chat (and other chromosomal abnormalitites) while the baby is still in its mother's womb. They can either test a tiny sample of tissue from outside the sac where the baby develops (chorionic villus sampling (CVS)), or they can test a sample of the amniotic fluid (amniocentesis).
How is cri-du-chat syndrome treated?
Although there is no real treatment for cri-du-chat syndrome, children with the disorder can go through therapy to improve their language skills, motor skills, and to help them develop as normally as possible.
Interesting facts about cri-du-chat syndrome
The geneticist Jerome Lejeune identified cri-du-chat syndrome in 1963. He also discovered the genetic abnormality that causes Down syndrome.
Cri-du-chat is one of the most common syndromes caused by a chromosomal deletion. It affects between 1 in 20,000 and 1 in 50,000 babies.
In 80 percent of the cases, the chromosome carrying the deletion comes from the father's sperm rather than the mother's egg.
When deletions occur during the formation of an egg or sperm, it is caused by unequal recombination during meiosis. Recombination normally occurs between pairs of chromosomes during meiosis while they are lined up at the metaphase plate. If the pairs of chromosomes don't line up correctly, or if the chromosome breaks aren't repaired properly, the structure of the chromosome can be altered. When unequal recombination occurs at this location on chromosome 5, it causes cri-du-chat syndrome.

Ways of Reproduction in Plants

Ways of Reproduction in Plants

rIn higher plants there are mainly two methods of reproduction-sexual reproduction that involves the formation of gametes and asexual or vegetative reproduction, in which there the vegetative parts are used for propagation.

Sexual Reproduction
Typically, plant life history involves alternation of generations, during which a diploid sporophyte gives rise to a haploid gametophyte. The gametophyte generation produces gametes that, through syngamy (fusion of gametes during fertilization), provide for another generation of diploid sporophytes, to continue the cycle. The sporophyte does not produce gametes but rather, meiosis occurs in spore mother cells and produces haploid spores. These spores divide mitotically to form gametophytes, which subsequently produce gametes via mitosis. Within the plant kingdom the dominance of phases varies. In nonvascular plants such as mosses and liverworts, the gametophyte phase is dominant. Vascular plants show a progression of increasing sporophyte dominance from the ferns and "fern allies" to angiosperms.

In angiosperms, flowers are the organs of reproduction. A typical flower has four parts arranged in circles: sepals, petals, androecium, and gynoecium from periphery to center. Androecium and gynoecium are the male and female reproductive organs.

Androecium:
The male reproductive organ of the flower is composed of units called stamens. Each stamen consists of a filament and an anther. The anther produces the male spores called pollen grains.

Gynoecium:
The female reproductive organ consists of units called pistils. Each pistil consists of terminal filament called style with stigma at its terminal part and an ovary, from which the style starts. The ovary contains ovules. The flowers may be bisexual with both male and female organs in the same flower, or it may be unisexual with anyone type of sex organs. The male flowers are the staminate flowers and the female flowers are the pistillate flowers.

Tags: Bio Genetics, Bio Technology, Reproduction

Mechanisms of Pollination in Animals & Insects

There are two mechanisms whereby pollination occurs:

Animal pollination or insect pollination. Food or another reward is provided and "advertised" via color or fragrance. This mechanism can be effective in promoting pollination even in sparse populations.

Wind pollination requires dense populations.

Self-pollination (which would result in inbreeding) is frequently prevented in plants, even though they might have perfect flowers. Flowers may be imperfect, plants may be dioecious, or compatibility genes might be required for successful pollination to occur.

Once pollination occurs, the pollen coat ruptures and the pollen tube grows downward through the style to the ovary. Once it enters the embryo sac via the micropyle, the pollen nuclei migrate downward through the tube and double fertilization occurs.

Tags: Bio Technology, Bio Genetics, Pollination

What is Vegetative Reproduction in Plants

It is reproduction by mitosis allowing a new, genetically identical individual to be produced. When a very desirable combination of traits is found, sexual reproduction risks losing them in the randomness of the process. Asexual reproduction does not allow genetic variation, but guarantees reproduction (no dependence on others). It rapidly increases the numbers of an organism and keeps its desired combination of traits. Many plants use a combination of sexual and asexual reproduction to get the benefits of both methods.

Most plant organs have been used for asexual reproduction, but stems are the most common.

Stems: In some species, stems arch over and take root at their tips, forming new plants. The horizontal aboveground stems, called stolons in certain plants like that of the strawberry, produce new daughter plants at alternate nodes. Various types of underground stems such as rhizomes, bulbs, corms, and tubers are used for asexual reproduction as well as for food storage.

Leaves: Leaves of certain plants like that of the common ornamental plant bryophyllum acts as the organs for vegetative multiplication. Mitosis at meristems 'along the leaf margins produce tiny plantlets that fall off and can take up an independent existence.

Roots: Some plants use their roots for asexual reproduction. The dandelion is a common example. Trees, such as the poplar, send up new stems from their roots. Sometimes, an entire grove of trees may form all part of a clone of the original tree.

Tags: Bio Technology, Bio Genetics, Reproduction in Plants

Plant Propagation

Commercially important plants are often deliberately propagated by asexual means in order to keep particularly desirable traits (e.g., flower color, flavor, resistance to disease etc.). Grafting is widely used to propagate a desired variety of shrub or tree.

All apple varieties, rose varieties, for example, are propagated this way. Apple seeds are planted only for the root and stem system that grows from them. After a year's growth, most of the stem is removed and a twig (scion) taken from a mature plant of the desired variety is inserted in a notch in the cut stump (the stock).

So long as the cambiums of scion and stock are united and precautions are taken to prevent infection and drying out, the scion will grow. It will get all its water and minerals from the root system of the stock. However, the fruit that it will eventually produce will be identical (assuming that it is raised under similar environmental conditions) to the fruit of the tree from which the scion was taken. Cuttings may be taken from the parent and rooted. The same method of grafting is applicable in the case of rubber plantations.

Tags: Bio Genetics, Bio Genetics, Plant Propagation

Asexual Reproduction in Animals

In animals the asexual reproduction is limited to unicellular and lower forms organisms. Following are the different methods of asexual reproductions.

1) Binary fission:
The parent cell divides into two or more daughter cells by a cleavage of the protoplast after the nuclear division. Normally two identical cells are formed. Therefore, it is known as binary fission. It is usually observed in organisms such as plasmodium, paramecium, amoeba, etc. When the parent cell is divided into a number of progenies it is called multiple fission. First, the nucleus undergoes repeated division, which is followed by cytoplasmic division into a number of daughter cells. The cell undergoing multiple fission is called schizont and the process is known as schizogamy.

2) Budding :
Here, offspring develops as a growth on the body of the parent. In some species (e.g., jellyfishes) the buds break away and take up an independent existence. In others (e.g., corals) the buds remain attached to the parent and the process results in colonies of animals. Budding is also common among parasitic animals such as tapeworms.

3) Fragmentation :
In certain tiny worms, as they grow to full size, they spontaneously break up into eight or nine pieces. Each of these fragments develops into a mature worm and the process is repeated.

4) Parthenogenesis:
In parthenogenesis ("virgin birth"), the female produces eggs, but these develop into young without ever being fertilized. Parthenogenesis occurs in some fishes, several kinds of insects, and a few species of lizards. In a few species it is the only method of reproduction, but more commonly animals turn to parthenogenesis only at certain times. For example, aphids use parthenogenesis in the spring when they find themselves with ample food. Reproduction by parthenogenesis is more rapid than sexual reproduction, and the use of this mode of asexual reproduction permits the animals to quickly exploit the available resources.

Parthenogenesis is forced on some species of wasps when they become infected with bacteria such as the genus Wolbachia. In these wasps (as in honeybees), fertilized eggs (diploid) become females; unfertilized (haploid) eggs become males. However, in Wolbachia-infected females, all their eggs undergo endoreplication producing diploid eggs that develop into females without fertilization; that is, by parthenogenesis. Treating the wasps with an antibiotic kills off the bacteria and "cures" the parthenogenesis.

Tags: Asexual Reproduction, Bio Technology, Bio Genetics

Sexual Reproduction in Animals

Sexual reproduction is the most common method of reproduction in higher forms of animals. Sexual reproduction involves the formation of male and female gametes and their fusion resulting in the formation of a zygote. The gametes are produced after the meiosis and are haploid and the fusion product of gametes, the zygote, is diploid. The process of syngamy or fertilization causes the mixing of genetic materials of the male and female parent.

Animal development commonly proceeds through several stages. Gametogenesis, during which the egg and sperm mature within the reproductive organs of the parents. Fertilization, which begins when a sperm penetrates an egg and is completed when the sperm and egg nuclei fuse forming a zygote. The zygote undergoes mitotic cell divisions that form the early multicellular embryo, which develops into an organism gradually through different stages. Sexual reproduction thus shows the formation diploid and haploid stages in the life cycle alternately.

The two types of gametes-the male gametes and female gametes-may be produced in the same body or separately by the male and female parent. When separate male and female individuals are present in a species, they are called unisexual organisms. All higher forms of animals and humans are examples. Some species are capable of producing both male and female gametes in the same organisms (body) and such species are known as bisexual or hermaphrodites. Some lower forms of organisms such as earthworms, tapeworms, snails, and some fish belong to this class.

Tags : Bio Technology, Bio Genetics, Sexual Reproduction

Know the Mechanism of Reproduction in Humans

Reproduction in humans occurs only by sexual methods.

The gametes in human reproduction are the sperm and egg. Sperms are the male gametes and egg is the female gamete. Both are produced after meiosis and therefore are haploid. Humans are unisexual and thus male and female gametes are produced in separate individuals. Humans have a pair of primary reproductive organs; sperm-producing testes in males and egg-producing ovaries in females, along with accessory ducts and glands. Testes and ovaries also produce hormones that influence reproductive functions and secondary sexual traits.

The hormones testosterone, LH (luteinizing hormone), and FSH, (follicle stimulating hormone) control sperm production. The hormones estrogen, progesterone, FSH, and LH control egg maturation and release, as well as changes in the lining of the uterus, the endometrium. The testis is an ovoid-shaped gland consisting of coiled tubules called seminiferous tubules. The testes are placed in a scrotal sac outside the abdominal cavity. The male gametes or sperms are produced in seminiferous tubules by a complex process called spermatogenesis. Sperm produced in the testes are carried to the copulating organ, the penis via epididymis (stores sperm until they have matured) and vas deference. Vas deference is a straight tube, which along with spermatic artery and vein, forms the spermatic cord. Seminal vesicle, prostate gland, Cowper's gland, etc. are the accessory parts present along with male genital organs.

The female reproductive organs consist of ovaries and fallopian tubes. Ovaries produce the female gamete ovum (egg) and fallopian tubes are a pair of ducts, one from each ovary, that catches the ovum released at ovulation each month. This tube carries the egg and houses the fertilized egg through its embryonic development and is lined with smooth muscle, which contracts, moving the ovum toward the uterus. The fertilization of ovum with sperm usually occurs in this tube and the initial development of resulting zygote into an embryo also occurs here. The uterus is lined with endometrium; this is where the embryo implants and completes its development the cervix is the muscular ring at the mouth of the uterus and the vagina is a thin-walled chamber into which sperm are directly deposited during intercourse. The urethra is part of the female urinary tract, but not part of the female reproductive tract, unlike males. The production of sperm is a continuous process starting from puberty and lasting throughout life in males. But in females the production of female gamete or the egg is a cyclic process with a periodicity of about 28 days. During these periods there is a great change in the structure and function of the entire reproductive system. At birth, the female has about 2 million primary oocytes, which give rise to what will become a mature egg, or ovum. Unlike the male, no more primary oocytes or cells that will give rise to a mature gamete are produced after a female is born. At birth the primary oocytes are in a resting state and will not develop any further until they are triggered by the hormone FSH released from the pituitary, at which point a few at a time will resume meiosis. Only 400 of the original 2 million primary oocytes actually develop into mature eggs.

During copulation sperm is deposited near the cervix in the vagina. These sperms are motile and active for some times-at least for three days. They move toward the fallopian tubes where they may come in contact with the egg cell. During fertilization, the sperm cell injects its nucleus into the cytoplasm of the oocyte and fertilization takes place. Only one sperm can fertilize an egg and further fusion with sperm is prevented. By fertilization the diploid number of chromosomes is restored in the fertilized egg, which is known as the zygote. The zygote starts its development in the fallopian tube and continues its development in the uterus.

Tags: Bio Technology, Bio Genetics, Human Reproduction

How does Development take place in Animals

The developmental pattern of a fertilized egg into an embryo is almost identical in all animal forms at least in the initial stages. Following fertilization, the zygote undergoes a series of divisions that leads from a single cell to a collection of cells in the form of a hollow sphere, known as blastula. The cells increase in number very rapidly at the same time the size of the cells decreases. During this period some of the blastula cells begin to differentiate into endoderm, mesoderms and ectoderm.

The endoderm generally gives rise to epithelial lining of the gut, the mesoderm forms the muscles, internal skeleton; and the ectoderm develops into nerves and the outer covering of the animal. During this stage there is the rearrangement in the position of the cellular layers by a process known as gastrulation. After gastrulation the endoderm becomes the innermost layer of cells and the mesoderm surrounds the endoderm and the outermost layer is the ectoderm. Endoderm can further specialize into liver, pancreas, lung or many other cell types, but cannot reverse course and become ectoderm or mesoderm. This stage of embryo is known as gastrula. There is no significant growth in size between zygote and gastrula. All these stages are so important that all vertebrates, in spite of their great anatomical and physiological differences, follow this developmental pattern.

Once the gastrulation has taken place with the rearrangement of different layers, the cell differentiation starts rapidly. The three layers of cells differentiate and develop into various organs needed to make a functional individual. Just three weeks after fertilization, human embryos will develop a heart and by the eighth week of development the head is completely identifiable in an embryo with a 2.5 cm length. Almost all types of tissues and organs start developing by this time. By the twelfth week of development it develops external recognizable parts such as sex organs, fingers, nails, and toes. A gut also develops from the endoderm during this period.

How does an animal develop from a single cell? The answer to this fundamental question of embryology and developmental biology is based on asymmetry in the egg cell and instructions in the DNA of the developing animal. Structures form in the developing embryo under the guidance of the DNA instructions that are the same in each cell, and external cues that let the cell know where it is and what type of cell it should become. Signals include information from neighbor-neighbor contact and from gradients of protein or small-molecule morphogens.

How does Development Take Place in Plants

The process of double fertilization results in the formation of zygote and an endosperm cell inside the embryo sac of ovule. The ovule is within the oyary. The zygote follows series of mitotic cell divisions and differentiates into a small plant later known as the embryo. The endosperm cell develops into the endosperm or the cotyledons. Ovules develop into the seed and the ovary forms the fruit.

The zygote within the embryo sac undergoes a number of repeated mitotic divisions to form a group of cells surrounded by the endosperm tissue, which is also under development. This structure is known as the proembryo. In the proembryo the cells are arranged in three layers:


# Protoderm, which forms the surface tissues such as the epidermis.
# Procambium, which forms the vascular tissues.
# Ground meristem, which gives rise to ground tissues.

At this stage, the embryo takes on the shape of an axis with meristems at both ends. These meristems are the apical shoot meristem and the apical root meristem, from which structures of the shoot system and root system will ultimately develop. In addition, two bumps appear near the anterior; these are the two cotyledons, characteristic of dicot embryos. The cotyledons rapidly elongate, and the embryo is divided into regions, with respect to the cotyledons. The region above the attachment of the cotyledons is the epicotyl, which contains the apical shoot meristem.


The region below the attachment of the cotyledons is the hypocotyl, which ends with the radicle, containing the apical root meristem. Typically, the embryonic axis will have to fold, to fit within the embryo sac. Endosperm may or may not be absorbed into the cotyledons. It may be consumed completely in the maturation of the embryo, or some may remain for germination. One of the main differences in the growth and development ?f plant systems from that of animal tissues is that in plants the growing ends or the meristems are very small but repeated many times above the ground as the terminal parts of shoot systems. These meristems are always active and never stop their embryonic nature. Because of this they continue to produce new tissues and cells throughout their life.

Tags: Bio Technology, Bio Genetics, Plant Development

Understanding of Immune System in Animals & Humans

Firstly let us try to understand as to what is Immune Response:

All living organisms whether plants or animals or microbes are always prone to the attack of pathogenic organisms such as bacteria, fungi, viruses and other type of parasitic protozoans. There is a well-developed defense mechanism in humans and animals to fight against these parasitic and pathogenic organisms. This defense mechanism in humans and animals is known as immune system and the protective response of the body against the invading organism is called the immune response. The immune system always guards the body against the various types of microbes and parasites present in the environment. If the immune system is not responding properly, even a minor infection can become fatal.

The Immune System :
The immune system is well developed and is very complex in mammals and higher forms of vertebrates. The complexity of the immune system decreases as we go down the evolutionary scale. Organisms such as birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish, etc. have comparatively simple types of immune systems. There is no immune system in invertebrates such as starfish, hydras, earthworms, insects, etc. The immune system consists of certain specialized cells known as immune cells and certain specialized organs called lymphoid organs. The lymphoid organs in which ' the immune cells originate and mature are called the primary lymphoid organs, which include bone marrow and thymus. After maturation they migrate to other organs, the secondary lymphoid organs, where they settle down and function. These organs include the lymph nodes and the spleen.

The immune cells are distributed all over the body. Some of them reside in tissues and others circulate in the body through body fluids such as blood and lymph. The cells that carry out the immune response include phagocytic cells and natural killer cells (NK). The phagocytic cells include the white blood cells or lymphocytes and the macrophages. The macrophages engulf the invading organisms. The lymphocytes are the main immune cells and are further divided into different types. Morphologically, all lymphocytes are identical and cannot be distinguished. They can be classified based on the presence of certain specific molecules on the surface of the cell membrane and the function they perform. The most important lymphocyte groups are B-Iymphocytes or B-cells and T-Iymphocytes or T-cells.

Macrophages consist of different types of phagocytic cells. They are neutrophils, eosinophyls, and basophyls. These phagocytic cells are also called granulocytes because of the presence of granules in the cytoplasm and because they have a multi-lobed nucleus. There is another cell without any granules in the cytoplasm and without any lobes in the nucleus. These cells are called monocytes. Monocytes are the precursors of macrophages present in the tissues. The monocytes migrate into the tissues from blood and change into macrophages. Macrophages are large cells with extensive cytoplasm and have many vacuoles. The macrophages of tissues are generally called histiocytes. Those macrophages present in the liver tissues are called kupfer cells, those present in linings is known as alveolar, and those present in the peritoneal cavity are called peritoneal macrophages.

Tags: Bio Technology, Bio Genetics, Immune System

What can be done to slow diabetes complications?

Findings from the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) and the United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) have clearly shown that aggressive and intensive control of elevated levels of blood sugar in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes decreases the complications of nephropathy, neuropathy, retinopathy, and may reduce the occurrence and severity of large blood vessel diseases. Aggressive control with intensive therapy means achieving fasting glucose levels between 70-120 mg/dl; glucose levels of less than 160 mg/dl after meals; and a near normal hemoglobin A1C levels (see below).

Studies in type 1 patients have shown that in intensively treated patients, diabetic eye disease decreased by 76%, kidney disease decreased by 54%, and nerve disease decreased by 60%. More recently the EDIC trial has shown that type 1 diabetes is also associated with increased heart disease, similar to type 2 diabetes. However, the price for aggressive blood sugar control is a two to three fold increase in the incidence of abnormally low blood sugar levels (caused by the diabetes medications). For this reason, tight control of diabetes to achieve glucose levels between 70-120 mg/dl is not recommended for children under 13 years of age, patients with severe recurrent hypoglycemia, patients unaware of their hypoglycemia, and patients with far advanced diabetes complications. To achieve optimal glucose control without an undue risk of abnormally lowering blood sugar levels, patients with type 1 diabetes must monitor their blood glucose at least four times a day and administer insulin at least three times per day. In patients with type 2 diabetes, aggressive blood sugar control has similar beneficial effects on the eyes, kidneys, nerves and blood vessels.

Diabetes At A Glance

• Diabetes is a chronic condition associated with abnormally high levels of sugar (glucose) in the blood.
• Insulin produced by the pancreas lowers blood glucose.
• Absence or insufficient production of insulin causes diabetes.
• The two types of diabetes are referred to as type 1 (insulin dependent) and type 2 (non-insulin dependent).
• Symptoms of diabetes include increased urine output, thirst and hunger as well as fatigue.
• Diabetes is diagnosed by blood sugar (glucose) testing.
• The major complications of diabetes are both acute and chronic.
• Acutely: dangerously elevated blood sugar, abnormally low blood sugar due to diabetes medications may occur.
• Chronically: disease of the blood vessels (both small and large) which can damage the eye, kidneys, nerves, and heart may occur

• Diabetes treatment depends on the type and severity of the diabetes. Type 1 diabetes is treated with insulin, exercise, and a diabetic diet. Type 2 diabetes is first treated with weight reduction, a diabetic diet, and exercise. When these measures fail to control the elevated blood sugars, oral medications are used. If oral medications are still insufficient, insulin medications are considered.

Know the Immune Response

The immune response is the protective response against the invading microorganism shown by the immune cells. When a foreign cell enters the body, the body fluid, lymph, takes these cells to the lymph nodes. The lymph nodes are the filter-like organs scattered in several parts of the body. The lymph nodes contain all the cell components of the immune system-B-cells, T-cells, and macrophages. The macrophages engulf the pathogen and are digested by the enzymes present in the lysosomes of the macrophages. These digested components of the pathogens are presented to the lymphocytes. Then a number of cellular mechanisms occur and a number of substances are secreted as a result of the immune response, which is based on the nature of the antigen (the degraded product of the pathogen). Basically, there are two types of immune response, which is dependent on two cellular systems: the humoral or circulating antibody system, (B-cells immunity), and cell-mediated immunity, (T-cells immunity).

Both immune responses work by identifying antigens (foreign proteins or polysaccharides) either as part of a virus or bacterium or as a partially degraded byproduct. Both systems also recognize human antigens not made by the individual resulting in graft rejection.

The humoral antibody system (B-cell response) produces secreted antibodies (proteins), which bind to antigens and identify the antigen complex for destruction. Antibodies act on antigens in the serum and lymph. B-cell-produced antibodies may either be attached to B-cell membranes or free in the serum and lymph. The cell-mediated system acts on antigens appearing on the surface of individual cells. T-cells produce T-cell receptors, which recognize specific antigens, bound to the antigen presenting structures on the surface of the presenting cell.

Humoral-Antibody System: B-cells
Each B-lymphocyte, or B-cells produces a distinct antibody molecule (immunoglobulin or Ig). Over a million different B-lymphocytes are produced in each individual. Thus, each individual can recognize over a million different antigens. The antibody molecules are glycoproteins in nature and each one is composed of two copies of two different proteins. There are two copies of a heavy chain, over 400 amino acids long, and there are two copies of a light chain, over 200 amino acids long. There are five different kinds of antibodies. They are IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, and IgE. Each antibody molecule can bind two antigens at one time, thus, a single antibody molecule can bind to two viruses, which leads to clumping. When a new antigen comes into the body, it binds to the B-cell, which is already making an antibody that matches the antigen. The antigen-antibody complex is engulfed into the B-cell and partially digested. The antigen is displayed on the cell surface by a special receptor protein (MHC II) for recognition by helper T-cells. The B-cell is activated by the helper T-cell to divide and secrete antibodies, which circulate in the serum and lymph. Some B-cells become memory cells to produce antibody at a low rate for a long time (long-term immunity) and to respond quickly when the antigen is encountered again. The response is regulated by a class of T-cells called suppressor T-cells.

Cell-Mediated System: T-cells :
T-cells mature in the thymus, which is why it is called a T-cell. A large number of different kinds of T-cells, each producing a different receptor in the cell membrane, are present in the system. Each receptor is composed of one molecule each of two different proteins. Each receptor binds a specific antigen but has only one binding site. Receptors recognize only those antigens, which are "presented" to it by another membrane protein of the MHC type (major histocompatibility complex). T-cell receptors recognize antigens presented by B-cells, macrophages, or any other cell type. T-cells, B-cells, and macrophages use MHC-II receptors for presentation; all other cells use MCH-I (responsible for most of tissue graft rejection). When a T-cell is presented with an antigen, its receptor binds to the antigen and it is stimulated to divide and produce helper T-cells to activate B-cells with bound antigen, suppressor T-cells to regulate the overall response, and cytotoxic "killer" T-cells to kill cells with antigen bound in MHC-I.

Tags: Bio Technology, Bio Genetics, Immune System

Electrophoresis - Seperation and purification of DNA fragments

Electrophoresis refers to carrying something by applying electricity. It is an analytical device commonly used for separation and purification of DNA fragments. A gel is used in electrophoresis which is either polyacrylamide or agarose. The former is preferred for smaller DNA fragments and the latter for larger ones. Agarose is a purified powder isolated from agar, a gelatinous material of sea weeds. Agarose powder when dissolved in water and boiled results into gel form. The gel prepared in a mixture of salt and water becomes a good conductor of electricity. The gel forms small pores the size of which varies depending on its amount in a given water. These pores act as molecular sieve. These allow the larger molecules to move slowly than the smaller molecules.

The electrophoresis box consists of a positive and a negative electrode, a shelf designed to held the gel, a comb used to form the wells within the gel, and a power supply. The DNA to be electrophoresed is digested with restriction enzymes which yields DNA fragments of unequal length. The fragments are mixed with sucrose and a dye (ethidium bromide or methylene blue) which altogether is known as loading dye. Sucrose increases the density of DNA preparation and dye increases the visibility of the preparation.

The preparation is loaded into wells at one end of the gel. At least one well is filled with reference DNA (i.e. DNA fragments of known length) for comparison with those of unknown length. Electric current is applied at opposite ends of electrophoresis chamber. A current is generated between a negative electrode at the top of loading end of the gel and a positive electrode at the bottom of the end of gel resulting in movement of fragments through pores of the gel. DNA molecules have a negative electric charges due to PO4(4-) which alternate with sugar molecules. Opposite electric charges tend to attract one another. The small DNA molecules move at faster speed as compared to larger ones. All DNA molecules of a given length migrate nearly the same distance into the gel and form bands. Each band represents many copies of DNA fragments having about the same length. After completion of electrophoresis gel is removed from the chamber and stained to make bands easily seen either with ethidium bromide (EB) or methylene blue. When gel is illuminated with UV light, fluorescent orange bands appear due to EB; methylene blue results in blue bands under normal room temperature.

The Molecular Analysis of a Human Mutation

How does one proceed when one has a patient with a genetic disorder known or suspected to be due to a mutation in a particular gene? For example, consider a patient with a diagnosis of β-thalassemia, an autosomal recessive defect in the β-globin gene. The initial diagnosis is generally made on the basis of clinical and hematological findings alone. However, it is important to examine the gene itself, first to confirm the clinical diagnosis and second, to determine the specific mutation in the β-globin locus both for future use in carrier testing and possible prenatal diagnosis in the patient's family, and for increasing the understanding of the relationship between specific mutations in the gene and the resulting patho-psychology.Several tests can be used initially to examine the gross integrity of the β-globin gene itself and its mRNA. Is the gene present in the patient in both normal amount (i.e., two copies) and structure? Or is one or both copies of the gene deleted or structurally rearranged, as has been described in some cases of β-thalassemia? If the gene is present, is it transcribed? The Southern blotting technique is now a standard method for using a cloned gene probe (in this case, for the β-globin gene) to examine the integrity of a DNA sample. Southern blotting can address the question of whether it is grossly normal in structure. By this method one can detect large molecular defects that are well below the level of sensitivity of chromosome analysis. However, as currently used in diagnostic laboratories, it cannot reveal the presence of single mutations, such as base-pair changes or very small deletions of only a few base pairs. In order to examine whether mRNA is present, a technique called Northern blotting is used. This approach also enables one to detect major changes in mRNA levels or structure for a specific gene, but not to detect minor alterations.Having asked whether there are gross changes in the gene or in its mRNA, one can proceed to a number of methods developed to examine gene structure and expressions at increasingly finer levels of analysis. In β-thalassemia, as in many other genetic disorders, particular mutations responsible for the disease in other patients. To determine whether one of these already known mutations is responsible for a particular case of β-thalassemia, one can apply particular direct molecular tests. Some of these entail the approach of allele-specific oligonucleotides (ASOs) that enable one to detect specific single base-pair mutations. In addition, it may be desirable to actually clone the mutant β-globin genes (or cDNAs) from the patient for comparison with a normal β-globin gene. Cloning of individual mutant genes (or portions of genes) from a patient's material is facilitated by use of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to specifically generate many million of copies of a particular gene fragment. Once the mutant gene is isolated, one can then analyze it at the finest level possible by determining the DNA sequence of base pairs in the mutant gene for comparison with the normal gene. In this way, the specific mutation responsible for the genetic disorder in the patient can be determined and used to develop direct screening tests for that mutation in the patient's family.

Valuable products from cell culture

From cultured animal cell several valuable products such as human monoclonal antibodies, and biochemicals can be produced on a large scale. Several million dollors have been earned from this industry in Europe, America, Africa, Japan and India. This industry has better future. More interestingly, the genetically engineered cells have revolutionized the cell culture industry. Several specific promoters of human origin are utilized for high expression of foreign genes.For large scale production of certain biochemicals, the genetically engineered baculovirus-infected animals cells are also in use in a bioreactor. To fulfil the process several 'perfusion systems' have been developed that retain the cells in the bio reactor at the time of replacement of conditioned medium with fresh medium. This results in increase in cell density and in turn cell productivity. For commercial production of products a large scale cell density and in turn cell productivity. For commercial production of products a large scale cell culture system and scaling up of process are required. Therefore, 'master cell banks' (MCBs) are established to meet out demand. The MCBs are used to develop master working cell bank (MWCB) which meets the demand of production system. After several sub culturing, the MWCB is regularly checked for any kind of changes occurring in cells. Thus, the large scale cultures are the sources of all valuable products which are produced in a bio reactor.Some of the important products which are produced from animal cell cultures are:i. Enzymes (asperagenase, collagenase, urokinase, pepsin, hyaluronidase, rennin, trypsin, tyrosin, hydroxylase),ii. Hormones (leutinizng hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, chorionic hormone and erythropoietin),iii. Vaccines (foot and mouth disease vaccine, vaccines for influenza, measles and mumphs, rubella and rabies),iv. Monoclonal antibodiesv. Interferons, etc.Tolbert et al (1982) got success in producing large quantities of human interleukin-2 or T-cell growth factor by culturing a permanent lymphoblastoid T-cell line in a large batch suspension culture in a bio reactor.

CES 2009: Sony unveils world's lightest eight inch notebook

Las Vegas (NV, Booth #14200) - This evening at CES, Sony unveiled its new VAIO P Series Lifestyle PC, the world's lightest 8" notebook. "About the size of a business envelope and roughly as thin as a cell phone, the VAIO Lifestyle PC weighs just 1.4 pounds and is small enough to slip into a jacket pocket or handbag while integrating full-PC features," including running Vista.The 8" notebook uses a 1600 x 768 built atop Sony's XBRIGHT-ECO LED backlit LCD ultra-wide display. It includes built-in WAN 3G mobile broadband on the Verizon network, 802.11n WiFi, Bluetooth, a built-in webcam, four hours of battery life with the standard battery, and an eight-hour battery option.It's powered by an Intel Atom 1.33 GHz CPU, 2x 1 GB memory (2 GB total), a built-in eSATA 128 GB SSD, two USB 2.0 connectors, headphone, line-in, one SD slot, one Memory Stick Duo media slot.

It includes a real-time GPS, and an instant-mode option allowing the notebook to boot into Sony's Xcross Media Bar interface (separate from the OS), allowing access to music, video, photos and the web. It comes standard with Windows Vista, and supports applications typically available in larger notebooks.The VAIO P Series Lifestyle PC costs $900. It will be available for pre-order tomorrow at http://www.blogger.com/www.sony.com/pr/pseries, and later this month at Sony Style stores, and most major retailers beginning in February.

OLPC downsizes half of its staff, cuts Sugar development

The One Laptop Per Child (OLPC) project announced Wednesday that it plans to downsize half of its staff and reduce the salary of the remaining employees. OLPC will also halt its development of the open source Sugar environment and focus on building its next-generation hardware device. These plans are part of a major restructuring effort that has been necessitated by the financial downturn and the organization's dwindling resources.

OLPC was originally founded by Nicholas Negroponte and his colleagues from the MIT Media Labs with the intention of building a low-cost portable computing device for education that could be sold in bulk to developing countries. The project aimed to spread constructionist learning methodologies and make technology more accessible to students who would not otherwise have an opportunity to use computers on a regular basis.
The project has been afflicted with serious setbacks, technical and logistical problems, personality conflicts, and bogus litigation. It has been on a path of steady decline for months and has largely been displaced by Intel's more sustainable Classmate PC project.
Despite the failures and challenges ahead, Negroponte still intends to push forward with the development of the organization's ambitious new prototype design, which was announced last year. The new model has two touchscreen displays and a form factor that vaguely resembles a book.
In an announcement posted to the OLPC wiki, Negroponte reveals that the organization will have to significantly scale back and cut costs in order to continue operating. The new budget constraints have necessitated major layoffs and pay cuts.
"Like many other nonprofits that are facing tough economic times, One Laptop per Child must downsize in order to keep costs in line with fewer financial resources. Today we are reducing our team by approximately 50% and there will be salary reductions for the remaining 32 people," he wrote. "While we are saddened by this development, we remain firmly committed to our mission of getting laptops to children in developing countries."
Another victim of OLPC budget cuts is the Sugar project, a Linux-based education software platform that OLPC developed for its laptops. This cut is unsurprising, because OLPC has gradually been moving away from Sugar and has increasingly sought to support Windows. It is still unclear whether OLPC will continue to encourage its large buyers to adopt Sugar, but Negroponte says unambiguously that the organization will be working on transitioning Sugar development entirely to the community.
OLPC's decision to end its participation in Sugar's evolution doesn't mean that Sugar itself will be coming to an end any time soon. Former OLPC president of software, Walter Bender, who left the organization last year, launched Sugar Labs to facilitate ongoing community-driven development of the Sugar project. Sugar Labs has done well for itself—it recently joined the GNOME Foundation and is currently in informal talks with some hardware vendors.
Alongside the cuts, Negroponte has also announced some new initiatives, including a digital book project and a no-cost connectivity program. He also says that the organization's branch in Latin America will be "spun off into a separate support unit." He intends to increase focus on the Middle East.
The OLPC project's extreme dependence on economy of scale has proven to be a fatal error. The organization was not able to secure the large bulk orders that it had originally anticipated and fell short of meeting its target $100 per unit price. The worldwide economic slowdown has made it even more difficult for OLPC to find developing countries that have cash to spare on education technology. The latest restructuring effort could help OLPC regain its focus, but the failure of its past attempts to do so don't really provide much confidence.

Windows 7 build 7000 64-bit version hits torrent sites

Almost two weeks after Windows 7 build 7000 32-bit was leaked, the 64-bit version (7000.0.081212-1400_client_en-us_Ultimate-GB1CULXFRE_EN_DVD.ISO) has hit torrent sites. The first 7xxx build marks the entrance of Windows 7 into beta phase (6xxx builds were pre-beta builds) and so when the 32-bit version leaked, it was pirated by tens of thousands of users. Build 7000 was compiled on December 12, 2008, at 2:00PM, and many believe this is the build that Microsoft will be giving its testers. A public beta is also expected to be announced at the CES 2009 preshow tonight, though it's not clear when the actual download will be available (but it should arrive before or on Friday).If the 64-bit build is anything like the 32-bit, performance should be quite high. Keep in mind though, build 7000 has an MP3 corruption bug, though a patch should be released any day now. This second leak is yet another slap in the face to testers who have been patiently for something to test (although select testers have received early builds), though the good news is that they won't have to deal with the headache of corrupted MP3 files once they get Beta 1.Personally, I would just wait until the public beta, but for those that have been waiting to get their hands on the 64-bit version, the pirates have rewarded your impatience.

Novatel Invents New Class of Mobile Connectivity: The MiFi Hotspot

Today Noel McKeegan and I had a chance to sit down with Jon Driscoll, Novatel Wireless' VP of Global Product Managment, and talk about their upcoming line of MiFi Hotspots.
Historically, if you needed to use your PC away from your home or office, you'd need to find a coffee shop or other business that provided public WiFi access, then sit down, sign up, and log in to a paid WiFi network.
This was followed by data only PC Cards and USB devices that plugged into your laptop as a modem and used your PC to communicate via TCP to the internet (almost like an old style dial-up connection, but at higher speed). This has the benefit of not having to pay the coffee shop for internet access, and actually let you avoid the coffee shop completely and connect wherever you can receive a mobile phone signal.
While 3G data modems are still a popular method of connecting from the field, they don't allow you to easily share your connection with multiple people. This need for sharing was solved by companies that build wireless routers with USB ports that could be used to create a local personal WiFi hotspots using your 3G modem as a link back to the internet.
Enter 2009 and Novatel has built an innovative product that combines a wireless access point, an internet router, and a 3G modem card into a package that's the size of a business card, half the thickness of your Blackberry and weights less than 80g. Additionally, their first MiFi device (based upon CDMA technology) is estimated to operate for up to 4 hours of active use with 40 hours of standby time (if nobody is connecting through your device). Connected it to a power outlet (or USB port on a PC), it can run indefinitely, while simultaneously charging it's internal battery.
Novatel is planning on following up the CDMA/1xEvDO version with two GSM/HSPA versions aimed at the US and the rest of the world. These GSM versions will be slight larger and include a micro-HCSD slot for data storage and future feature expansion.
After seeing the device in action, we were quite impressed. The default configuration allows for up to 5 users to simultaneously use a single 3G connection, and browsing speed was exactly the same as thought our PC was connected directly via a 3G modem. It's important to note that since the MiFi device only interacts with your PC as a WiFi Access Point, there are no drivers to load. Custom drivers for 3G modem cards are a common source of system instability, blue screens, and crashes.
We're sitting on the edge of our seats waiting to get hold of an actual production unit to test. Novatel expects that these device (along with shiny new data plans) will be available from wireless carriers in the US and Europe in the first half of 2009. The rest of the world, will just have to wait.

I’ve been hearing a lot of rumors regarding the MiFi WiFi, and I am really happy to find out they were more than true! In a positive way of course. Let me share the MiFi with you folks! It is a portable device allowing you to create, edit, manage and use a 3G internet connection. The really cool thing about it is that you can easily create a Hotspot that friends of yours can use. You will be able to share CDMA and GSM data at EVDO Rev. or HSPA speds with this MiFi Intelligent Mobile Hotspot.
Peter Leparulo, chairman and CEO of Novatel Wireless.
With the pocket-sized MiFi device, Novatel Wireless has invented a new category of mobile broadband solutions, pushing the envelope in design and performance and ushering in the next era of the mobile broadband experience.
It combines a cool design with pretty great skills and I hope it will come at an affordable price in Q1 of 2009 when it will be available.

Nu•M8 GPS will help you locate your child

GPS technology is becoming more popular and more affordable to the average peoples. What you see in the picture above is a watch with a hidden GPS transmitter designed to help you locate your children.Instead of the standard transmitters that are placed in the backpacks or pockets, the company Lok8u decided to place the transmitter in the watch, so you can be sure that it is always with your child. Design of this watch maybe isn’t that stylish, but children should like it.You can track the position of the child on your mobile phone or computer. By sending a query about where the child is you will receive quick response presented in the form of icon on Google Maps with the street and zip code.

The device has another interesting feature. When Nu•M8 will be removed from the hand of a child by force, the device automatically sends an alarm to the cell and the computer on the current position of the child and the potential threat. You can also define a safe zone and place - if the child is out of zones of this fact, parents will also be immediately informed.The device will be officially presented at the upcoming CES. Nu•M8 will be available from the spring at a price of around £150 ($225) plus a monthly subscription charge.

800,000 children are reported missing each year in the United States. In the U.K., that number is 140,000 children and there is no greater ordeal for a parent than not knowing where they are. Gartner estimates that the worldwide market for GPS based location devices will grow from 16 million in 2007 to 300 million in 2011.Using GPS-based systems to keep track of your pets and/or children is a trade off between peace of mind and cost – we’ve detailed numerous pet and child GPS locators, and the just-announced Nu.M8’s main claim is that it does not rely upon the child being responsible enough to keep their locator with them in a bag or pocket. When Nu.M8 is securely fastened to a child’s wrist it cannot be removed without sending an alert to the parent’s phone. As it’s also discretely hidden inside a watch, it’s more likely that if something goes wrong, the parent locates their child, not the technology.
Nu.M8 has been launched by UK location services company, Lok8u, and its new GPS child locator has been designed with simplicity and ease of use in mind. Nu.M8 is accessible at home, abroad or on holiday from a computer or mobile phone.
As far as the child is concerned Nu.M8 is a digital watch. To locate your child, simply text “wru” from your mobile phone to Nu.M8 or click “where r you” on the Lok8u secure portal. Your child’s location is then presented as an icon on Google maps and/or the street address and postcode is displayed. In addition, parents can set unique “safe zones“ in which their child can safely play. This function is activated simply by texting “safe…” followed by a number, which represents the metre radius for your child’s safe area, to Nu.M8, or selecting a ‘safe zone’ from the
As long as your child remains in this area no alerts will be sent and you can still communicate with the device using the “wru” function. However, if they stray a priority alert will be sent to the parent’s mobile phone and computer.
Other features include: • Water resistant to Ipx 7 • Battery sufficient for seven days in standby • Dermatologically tested to ensure safe wearing • Use at home or abroad • Live track functionality • Home Zone for easy and safe removal of Nu.M8 • Cell ID back up with AGPS for quick and accurate GPS determined location • Accurate to within 10 feet • Metal reinforced rubber strap
Nu.M8 will be available from a selected range of major high street retailers in the UK in March 2009 and available in USA in late spring. Manufacturers recommended retail price in the UK is UKP149.99 (US retail price to be confirmed), plus a monthly subscription charge which varies according to the chosen tariff.

University of Pune's MBA in Biotechnology

What: Admission notice for 2009-10 for University of Pune's MBA in Biotechnology course.

Eligibility:
Any science/medical/engineering/pharmacy graduate with 45 per cent marks (40 per cent for reserved category) from a recognised university and the candidate should have appeared for ATMA test to be conducted on February 8.

Selection process:
Based on overall merit of ATMA score and GD/PI conducted by PUMBA. Reservations
50 per cent seats are reserved for the SC/ST, DT, NT, OBC category candidates from Maharashtra State.

Important dates:
ATMA Test: 8th February 2009
Sale of forms at PUMBA: 5th Jan 2009 to 15th April 2009
Last date for submission of completed applications at PUMBA: April 30
Candidates need to qualify ATMA test being conducted on 8th February, 2009.
Last date for obtaining ATMA application kit is 17th January 2009.
For details, contact ATMA's office at Hyderabad, Tel: 040-23750248, or visit Web site www.atma-aims.org
The prospectus and the application form are available from January 5 to April 15 at PUMBA's office on payment of demand draft of Rs 900 (for reserved category: Rs 700) in favour of 'The Registrar, University of Pune', payable at Pune from any nationalised bank. Forms can also be obtained by post by sending a demand draft of Rs 950 (for reserved category: Rs 750)

Contact details:
Department of Management SciencesUniversity of Pune, GaneshkhindPune 411 007Phone: 020-2569 3380 Fax: 020-25690545Email: pumba@dms.unipune.ernet.inFor details please visit Web site: www.pumba.in

Gujarat unveils new industrial policy

With a view to becoming an Asian leader in terms of industrial growth and attracting quality investment, the Gujarat government announced its industrial policy for 2009 on Monday. Among other things, the policy lays emphasis on small and medium enterprises, Special Investment Regions and mega as well as innovative projects.
Apart from textiles, gems and jewellery, engineering, chemicals and petrochemicals, which are the sectors where the state has proved its strength, the new policy will focus on potential sectors such as agri business, fisheries and informal sector. Emerging sectors such as IT/ ITEs, nano technology, biotechnology, non-conventional energy resources have been given priority in the policy.
Terming the SME sectors as the backbone of industries in Gujarat, the policy offers interest subsidy, venture capital assistance and quality certification to the sector to make it more competitive. As part of the policy, a rehabilitation package will be announced, including revival or allowance of exit for sick units. Support will also be given for market development, including initiatives for the creation of the 'Made in Gujarat' brand by the SMEs.
The new policy also provides for support to develop ancillary and auxiliary industries for value addition. "The state will continue to accord priority towards cluster development of SMEs in the entire state," said Saurabh Patel, minister of state for industries and energy and a Gujarat government spokesperson, while announcing the new policy in Ahmedabad.
The newly unveiled policy also seeks to encourage the setting up of mega projects in the state. Projects having an investment of more than Rs 1,000 crore (Rs 10 billion) and a capacity to provide employment to 2,000 people will be treated as mega projects.
Merit-based assistance packages will be given to such projects in identified sectors, which include auto components, semiconductor fabrication, nano technology, ship building and repairing, aircraft maintenance, repair and overhaul.
Special investment regions are also given a special focus under the new industrial policy. A 54,000 hectare SIR has already been planned in the Dholera area in the state.

Hot investment options in 2009

2008 was one of the most dramatic years for those who invested their money across stocks, mutual funds, real estate, gold and commodities like oil.
Global economic downturn, job losses, collapse of many a venerated investment banks, high real estate prices, high gold prices, the rise and fall of crude oil, high interest rates and high inflation marked the year even as Indian stock markets, as a result of all the above factors, saw a huge fall of more than 50 per cent from its 21,000-point summit reached in January 2008.
Consequently, investors lost billions of rupees in wealth in stocks, mutual funds, real estate and oil in 2008.
However, 2009 is altogether a new year and many a dangers that threatened the India story like high inflation, high interest rates, above $ 140-dollar a barrel crude oil prices (yes crude did scale the 140-dollar mark in July 2008; currently it is trading just a tad above $ 40 per barrel) are showing signs of receding into the background thus offering investors a glimmer of hope.
So what will be hot and what will not be hot investment options in 2009? Here's a brief peek into where to invest and where not to invest in the New Year:

Assam blasts: Key accused killed in encounter

A joint team of police and the army on Thursday shot dead a United Liberation Front of Assam militant, Pranjal Deka alias Biju Sarania who was alleged prime suspect behind the january 1 serial blasts in guwahati, in an encounter at Halikuchi in Rangiya sub-division of Kamrup district.A top official in Assam Police informed that two ULFA militants were engaged in an encounter by a joint team of the army and police at Halikuchi on the bank of a river in Rangiya sub-division of Kamrup district on Thursday afternoon. Pranjal Deka was killed in the exchange of fire while the other militant managed to flee by crossing the river. The January 1 serial blasts in Guwahati had claimed the lives of five persons and injured 50 others.Police had earlier released the photograph of Pranjal Deka, branding him as the prime accused in the serial blasts. Police said Pranjal planted one of the three bombs besides being the mastermind of the serial blasts. Assam Police have so far arrested about 18 persons in connection with the blasts. He was a member of 709 battalion of the banned ULFA.

Google Advertising Strategies for Chrome Browser

These days ads for Google Chrome popping up around the Web on sites like LinkedIn. But now, the company is taking the campaign to grow its browser marketshare a step further.
n Gmail, the company is now displaying a rather innocent link that says “Get Faster Gmail” that shows up only for Internet Explorer users. But when clicked, that link takes you to a page promoting the download of Chrome or Firefox.

Digital Inspiration first spotted the ad and posted a shot of what it looks like:

Of course, Google would prefer you download Chrome, but Firefox works too since it comes with Google as the default search. Nonetheless, “faster Gmail” is a fairly compelling reason to click the ad, so it’s safe to assume Google will convert at least a few downloads from the effort.

Sneaky? You betcha. But as I wrote in my predictions for 2009, I expect Google to do just about everything possible to convert users to Chrome, and this clever ad in Gmail is likely just one of many attempts we’ll see.

Apple working on large-screen iPod Touch

Expensive toymaker Apple is expected to release an iPod Touch device with a 7 to 9-inch screen in the autumn of 2009.

TechCrunch claims to have actually handled one of the prototypes so it is pretty sure what Jobs' Mob is up too. Apparently Apple is talking with manufacturers in Asia about mass production of the gear.

Apple has been rumoured to be making a tablet device for years. However it correctly guessed that no one in the market was interested.

Recently Apple patented something that was very much like a Mac tablet, which appears to bring a lot of the iPhone's multitouch functionality to a slate-like tablet computer.

Tablet PCs haven't sold very well, but Apple' cult Messiah Steve Jobs implied Apple was watching small-device categories like tablets and Netbooks to see if they actually take off.

RNA genes

RNA genes (sometimes referred to as non-coding RNA or small RNA) are genes that encode RNA that is not translated into a protein. The most prominent examples of RNA genes are transfer RNA (tRNA) and ribosomal RNA (rRNA), both of which are involved in the process of translation. However, since the late 1990s, many new RNA genes have been found, and thus RNA genes may play a much more significant role than previously thought. In the late 1990s and early 2000, there has been persistent evidence of more complex transcription occurring in mammalian cells (and possibly others). This could point towards a more widespread use of RNA in biology, particularly in gene regulation. A particular class of non-coding RNA, micro RNA, has been found in many metazoans (from Caenorhabditis elegans to Homo sapiens) and clearly plays an important role in regulating other genes. First proposed in 2004 by Rassoulzadegan and published in Nature 2006.

RNA is implicated as being part of the germline. If confirmed, this result would significantly alter the present understanding of genetics and lead to many question on DNA-RNA roles and interactions.RNA Deatiles,ScienceRibonucleic acid (RNA) is a nucleic acid polymer consisting of nucleotide monomers, that acts as a messenger between DNA and ribosomes, and that is also responsible for making proteins out of amino acids. RNA polynucleotides contain ribose sugars and predominantly uracil unlike deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), which contains deoxyribose and predominantly thymine. It is transcribed (synthesized) from DNA by enzymes called RNA polymerases and further processed by other enzymes.

RNA serves as the template for translation of genes into proteins, transferring amino acids to the ribosome to form proteins, and also translating the transcript into proteins. Nucleic acids were discovered in 1868 (some sources indicate 1869) by Johann Friedrich Miescher (1844-1895), who called the material 'nuclein' since it was found in the nucleus. It was later discovered that prokaryotic cells, which do not have a nucleus, also contain nucleic acids. The role of RNA in protein synthesis had been suspected since 1939, based on experiments carried out by Torbjörn Caspersson, Jean Brachet and Jack Schultz. Hubert Chantrenne elucidated the messenger role played by RNA in the synthesis of proteins in ribosome.

The sequence of the 77 nucleotides of a yeast RNA was found by Robert W. Holley in 1964, winning Holley the 1968 Nobel Prize for Medicine. In 1976, Walter Fiers and his team at the University of Ghent determined the complete nucleotide sequenceDNA Bases Bio TechnologyDeoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA is a nucleic acid molecule that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all living organisms. The main role of DNA is the long-term storage of information and it is often compared to a set of blueprints, since DNA contains the instructions needed to construct other components of cells, such as proteins and RNA molecules.

The DNA segments that carry this genetic information are called genes, but other DNA sequences have structural purposes, or are involved in regulating the use of this genetic information. Chemically, DNA is a long polymer of simple units called nucleotides, which are held together by a backbone made of alternating sugars and phosphate groups. Attached to each sugar is one of four types of molecules called bases. It is the sequence of these four bases along the backbone that encodes information. This information is read using the genetic code, which specifies the sequence of the amino acids within proteins. The code is read by copying stretches of DNA into the related nucleic acid RNA, in a process called transcription. Most of these RNA molecules are used to synthesize proteins, but others are used directly in structures such as ribosomes and spliceosomes.

Within cells, DNA is organized into structures called chromosomes and the set of chromosomes within a cell make up a genome. These chromosomes are duplicated before cells divide, in a process called DNA replication. Eukaryotic organisms such as animals, plants, and fungi store their DNA inside the cell nucleus, while in prokaryotes such as bacteria it is found in the cell's cytoplasm. Within the chromosomes, chromatin proteins such as histones compact and organize DNA, which helps control its interactions with other proteins and thereby control which genes are transcribed Biotechnology Indroduction. The convention recognized for the first time in international law that the conservation of biological diversity is "a common concern of humankind" and is an integral part of the development process.

The agreement covers all ecosystems, species, and genetic resources. It links traditional conservation efforts to the economic goal of using biological resources sustainably. It sets principles for the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising from the use of genetic resources, notably those destined for commercial use. It also covers the rapidly expanding field of biotechnology through its Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety, addressing technology development and transfer, benefit-sharing and biosafety issues. Importantly, the Convention is legally binding; countries that join it('Parties') are obliged to implement its provisions .

Apply Bio Technology Science The convention reminds decision-makers that natural resources are not infinite and sets out a philosophy of sustainable use. While past conservation efforts were aimed at protecting particular species and habitats, the Convention recognizes that ecosystems, species and genes must be used for the benefit of humans. However, this should be done in a way and at a rate that does not lead to the long-term decline of biological diversity The convention also offers decision-makers guidance based on the precautionary principle that where there is a threat of significant reduction or loss of biological diversity, lack of full scientific certainty should not be used as a reason for postponing measures to avoid or minimize such a threat. The Convention acknowledges that substantial investments are required to conserve biological diversity. It argues, however, that conservation will bring us significant environmental, economic and social benefits in return.In this situation, your range of choices is very broad and many packages will meet these limited.

PROLINK PSW242G Gigabit 24-port Ethernet Switch

PROLINK PSW242G Gigabit 24-port Ethernet switch offers simple solution for instantly expanding your network. PSW242G is specially designed for Ethernet (10Mbps) fast Ethernet (100Mbs) and gigabit Ethernet (1000Mbps) with seamless link. Each port supports utp to 2000 Mbps throughout in full duplex mode. It is the perfect choice to improve the performance offices and workgroups networks. It offers simple lug and play installation with no configuration needed and works with virtually any operating system. Fully compliant with LEEE 802.3 (10BASE-T), IEEE 802.3u (100BASE-TX) and LEEE 802.3ab negotiation. All ports support full/half duplex transfer mode for 10Mbps/100Mbps and fully duplex transfer mode for 1000Mbps.

PKL5195G.2.4 GHZ Wireless Desktop Combo
PROLINK PKI, 5195G 2.4GHz wireless Desktop Combo is a perfect match with today’s flat panel displays. Its innovative flat keyword design gives a you a consistent desktop look as well as a surprisingly high level of comfort. With one touch, you can navigate with web or shuffle for a random music mix. Enjoy other cool medial features to access your digital delivers you with fast, consistent performance and most importantly, freedom of movement. 2.4GHz 2 way far digital music and photos and other applications with the multimedia controls and hotkeys. An advanced laser mouse delivers you with fast, consistent performance and most importantly, freedom of movement. 2.4GHz. Up to 10 m working distance. 16 auto hopping channel with 65K ID. Connection free smart link. Motion wake up after sleep mode in muse. Extra universal back/Forward bottom in mouse. Slim full size keyboard comes with 12 multimedia and internet hotkeys. Long Battery life. Micro Receiver.

MSI Motherboard P45 Series

Latest MSI high-end P45 series mainboard which is powered by Intel® P45 express chipsets. MSI has recently developed the mainboard with a server-class “DrMOS” which delivers highest efficiency, zero nose, and best performance into the P45 series motherboard. The MSI P45 series motherboard comes with several unique technologies, including circus-piple liquied and cirucu-pipe technologies, including Circus-pipe liquid and circus-pipe 2 cooling solutions. It offers a perfect combination of ECO-friendly features and overclocking performances. The P45 series motherboard series offers 5 mainboard sections for users to choose from P45 Diamond, P45D3 platinum, P45 Neo3, and P45 Neo. All these mainboards are designed to meet the needs of avid gamer and high-end multimedia application.
MSI is more concerned on how it can contribute to reduce the cause of global warming. As energy prices increase and energy resources decrease, MSI has recently developed the mainboard with unique “DrMOS”. Integrated onto today’s high-end mainboard, it features excellent energy-saving capability and offers high computing performance and productivity without depleting hand harming the earth’s natural resources. MSI’s P45 series mainboards with unique server-class DrMOS is carefully and exclusively developed to provide superior energy-saving function and maintain an ultimate low temperature operation. It also comes with three incredible features, Green power for conserving energy, Xpress Cool for zero noise and effective heat dissipation, and rapid boost for high computing performance. MSI P45 series mainboard stands on 93% power efficient on CPU PWM side, provides superior energy efficiency and low temperature operation, as well as high computing power and performance. In full loading system, DrMOS drops the surface temperature by 16 degree’s moreover, it offers excellent temperature stability and maintain low noise operation.
One of the things that the MSI R&D team is proud of is that the mainboard can accurately control the temperature and continue to maintain a low temperature. P45 series mainboard is equipped with the unique circu-pipe 2 and Ciru-pipe liquid cooling system solutions that effectively reduce the high temperature from the chipset and provide the best total thermal solution for the whole system. Circu-pipe technology. With the copper blades design, Circu-pipe2 can increase the thermal efficiency. After the test, the cirucu-pipe was able to maintain the temperature of the north bridge chip in 36 degrees which resolves the issue of reaching high temperatures of the north bridge chip in 36 degrees which resolves the issue of reaching high temperatures during high-computing load.
P45 series mainboards supports the high-end Intel® Core TM2 extreme quad-core processors. In addition to supporting the standard 13333MHZ FSB, it can also be overclocked up to 2008MHz. Users can experience a high computing performance with P45 series mainboards. Both the diamond and platinum editions provide two PCI express 2.0 x16 slots. Through multiple high-definition 3D computing, the P45 series mainboards are engineered to provide extraordinary performance and a computing experience without parallel. P45 Diamond comes with two Gigabit network ports, users can do the network redundancy, fault tolerance and increase.
MSI VR602,
The Best Choice for Value and Performance
The MSI VR602 not only provides top operation performance, but also provides multimedia functions, MSI VR602 is idea for any environment, whether home, office, or school. With MSI engine, the outstanding and unique power saving management function, VR602 could extends the battery running time while performing different tasks. VR602 applied the exterior with an Aerodynamic and Elementary design, also concealing all the openings at the connecting edges. There are no unnecessary gadgets for a simplistic and pratical styling, elevating ours swift and pratical feature. Just like a hard-cover book added with the seal or approval, and perfect work of art on display.
The 15.4 in ch Widescreen display enables you to open many windows applets at once. It’s easier to processing word documents and browsing several internet windows simultaneously, exempting the burden of minimizing window applets, increasing working efficiency, furthermore VR602 uses high accuracy board materials to go along with 1280 X 800 high-resolution, perfectly portraying a picture’s detail, letting you pleasantly enjoy at all times. VR602 features MSI exclusive ECO engine, the outstanding the unique power saving function of MSI notebook, as the power management cutting to extend the battery running time while performing different tasks.
Simply tough the ECO Quick Lunch Touch Sensor. VR602 is able to switch among the 5 different modes- gaming mode, movie mode, presentation mode, office mode, and turbo battery mode while performing game applications, playing multimedia application, performing presentation applications, dealing with office documentation tasks, or looking forward to minimizing the battery power consumption. All you have to do is to select lightly on the “ECO OFF” to return to the orginal setting. The VR602 applied the exterior with an Aerodynamic and Elementary design, also concealing all the openings at the connecting edges. There is no unnecessary gadgets for a simplistic and practical styling, elevating our swift and practical feature. Just like a hard-cover book added with the seal of approval, a perfect work of art on display. Built-in with a 1.3 mega pixel webcam and an internet mic, the vr602 enables you to engage in ral-time sharing and live-video. VR602 features an excellent and fully-sized keyboard and provides additional comfort during extended typing. If effectively maintains the layout of a standard desktop keyboard. All the keys are of adequate size, have crisp action, and are essay to access. Your fingers will know where to land immediately and adjustment to VR602 should take no time at all.
To deliver truly High performance computing prover, VR602 powered by the latest Intel ® Dual- core processor (penryn). Additional VR602 is also equipped with a 4USB ports, 4-in-one card raders, and a multi-DVD burner. So you can easy to edit or save high-quality photos. Video of your family as desktopPC. Besides, PCMCIA slot allows consumer move around freely to enjoy the digital TV. Videos, music, or doing presentations.